The 2025 Purple Book presents a concise summary of 69 legislative recommendations that the National Taxpayer Advocate believes will strengthen taxpayer rights and improve tax administration. Most of the recommendations have been made in detail in prior reports, but others are presented in this book for the first time. The National Taxpayer Advocate believes that most of the recommendations presented in this volume are non-controversial, common-sense reforms that members of Congress and its tax-writing committees may find useful.

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We highlight the following legislative recommendations for particular attention, in no specific order:

• Authorize the IRS to establish minimum competency standards for federal tax return preparers and revoke the identification numbers of sanctioned preparers (Recommendation #4). The IRS receives over 160 million individual income tax returns each year, and most are prepared by paid tax return preparers. While some tax return preparers must meet licensing requirements (e.g., certified public accountants, attorneys, and enrolled agents), most tax return preparers are not credentialed. Numerous studies have found that non-credentialed preparers disproportionately prepare inaccurate returns, causing some taxpayers to overpay their taxes and other taxpayers to underpay their taxes, which subject them to penalties and interest charges. Non-credentialed preparers also drive much of the high improper payments rate attributable to wrongful EITC claims. In FY 2023, 33.5 percent of EITC payments, amounting to $21.9 billion, were estimated to be improper, and among tax returns claiming the EITC prepared by paid tax return preparers, 96 percent of the total dollar amount of EITC audit adjustments was attributable to returns prepared by non-credentialed preparers. Federal and state laws generally require lawyers, doctors, securities dealers, financial planners, actuaries, appraisers, contractors, motor vehicle operators, and barbers and beauticians to obtain licenses or certifications and, in most cases, to pass competency tests. The Obama, first Trump, and Biden administrations have each recommended that Congress authorize the Treasury Department to establish minimum competency standards for federal tax return preparers. To protect taxpayers and the public fisc, we likewise recommend that Congress provide this authorization as well as authorization for the Treasury Department to revoke the Preparer Tax Identification Numbers (PTINs) of preparers who have been sanctioned for improper conduct.
• Expand the U.S. Tax Court’s jurisdiction to hear refund cases (Recommendation #43). Under current law, taxpayers seeking to challenge an IRS tax-due adjustment can file a petition in the U.S. Tax Court, while taxpayers who have paid their tax and are seeking a refund must file suit in a U.S. district court or the U.S. Court of Federal Claims. Litigating in a U.S. district court or the Court of Federal Claims is generally more challenging – filing fees are relatively high, rules of civil procedure are complex, the judges generally do not have tax expertise, and proceeding without a lawyer is difficult. By contrast, taxpayers litigating their cases in the Tax Court face a low $60 filing fee, may follow less formal procedural rules, are generally assured their positions will be fairly considered even if they don’t present them well because of the tax expertise of the Tax Court’s judges, and can more easily represent themselves. For these reasons, the requirement that refund claims be litigated in a U.S. district court or the Court of Federal Claims effectively deprives many taxpayers of the right to judicial review of an IRS refund disallowance. In FY 2023, about 97 percent of all tax-related litigation was adjudicated in the Tax Court. We recommend Congress expand the jurisdiction of the Tax Court to give taxpayers the option to litigate all tax disputes, including refund claims, in that forum.

• Enable the Low Income Taxpayer Clinic program to assist more taxpayers in controversies with the IRS (Recommendation #65). The Low Income Taxpayer Clinic (LITC) program assists low-income taxpayers and taxpayers who speak English as a second language. When the LITC program was established as part of the IRS Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998, the law limited annual grants to no more than $100,000 per clinic. The law also imposed a 100 percent “match” requirement so a clinic cannot receive more in grant funds than it raises from other sources. The nature and scope of the LITC program have evolved considerably since 1998, and those requirements are preventing the program from expanding assistance to a larger universe of eligible taxpayers. We recommend Congress remove the per-clinic cap and allow the IRS to reduce the match requirement to 25 percent, where doing so would expand coverage to additional taxpayers.
• Require the IRS to timely process claims for refund or credit (Recommendation #2). Millions of taxpayers file refund claims with the IRS each year. Under current law, there is no requirement that the IRS pay or deny them. It may simply ignore them. The taxpayers’ remedy is to file suit in a U.S. district court or the U.S. Court of Federal Claims. For many taxpayers, that is not a realistic or affordable option. The absence of a processing requirement is a poster child for non-responsive government. While the IRS generally does process refund claims, the claims can and sometimes do spend months and even years in administrative limbo within the IRS. We recommend Congress require the IRS to act on claims for credit or refund within one year and impose certain consequences on the IRS for failing to do so.
• Allow the limitation on theft loss deductions in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act to expire so scam victims are not taxed on amounts stolen from them (Recommendation #54). Many financial scams involve the theft of retirement assets. In a typical scam, a con artist may pose as a law enforcement officer, convince a victim that their retirement savings are at risk, and persuade the victim to transfer their retirement savings to an account that the scammer controls. Then, the scammer absconds with the funds. Under the tax code, the victim’s withdrawal of funds from a retirement account is treated as a distribution subject to income tax and, if the victim is under age 59½, to a ten percent additional tax as well. Thus, the victim may not only lose their life savings but also owe significant tax on the stolen funds. Prior to 2018, scam victims generally could claim a theft loss deduction to offset the stolen amounts included in gross income, but the TCJA eliminated this deduction. We recommend Congress allow this TCJA limitation to expire so the theft deduction is again available in these circumstances.
• Extend the reasonable cause defense for the failure-to-file penalty to taxpayers who rely on return preparers to e-file their returns (Recommendation #31). The tax law imposes a penalty of up to 25 percent of the tax due for failing to file a timely tax return, but the penalty is waived where a taxpayer can show the failure was due to “reasonable cause.” Most taxpayers pay tax return preparers to prepare and file their returns for them. In 1985, when all returns were filed on paper, the Supreme Court held that a taxpayer’s reliance on a preparer to file a tax return did not constitute “reasonable cause” to excuse the failure-to-file penalty if the return was not timely filed. In 2023, a U.S. Court of Appeals held that “reasonable cause” is also not a defense when a taxpayer relies on a preparer to file a tax return electronically. For several reasons, it is often much more difficult for taxpayers to verify that a return preparer has e-filed a return than to verify that a return has been paper-filed. Unfortunately, many taxpayers are not familiar with the electronic filing process and do not have the tax knowledge to ask for the right document or proof of filing. Penalizing taxpayers who engage preparers and do their best to comply with their tax obligations is grossly unfair and undermines the congressional policy that the IRS encourage e-filing. Under the court’s ruling, astute taxpayers would be well advised to ask their preparers to give them paper copies of their prepared returns and then transmit the returns by certified mail themselves so they can ensure compliance. We recommend Congress clarify that reliance on a preparer to e-file a tax return may constitute “reasonable cause” for penalty relief and direct the Secretary to issue regulations detailing what constitutes ordinary business care and prudence for purposes of evaluating reasonable cause requests.
• Promote consistency with the Supreme Court’s Boechler decision by making the time limits for bringing all tax litigation subject to equitable judicial doctrines (Recommendation #45). Taxpayers who seek judicial review of adverse IRS determinations generally must file petitions in court by statutorily imposed deadlines. The courts have split over whether filing deadlines can be waived under extraordinary circumstances. Most tax litigation takes place in the U.S. Tax Court, where taxpayers are required to file petitions for review within 90 days of the date on a notice of deficiency (150 days if addressed to a person outside the United States). The Tax Court has held it lacks the authority to waive the 90-day (or 150-day) filing deadline even, to provide a stark example, if the taxpayer had a heart attack on Day 75 and remained in a coma until after the filing deadline. In Boechler, P.C. vs. Commissioner, the Supreme Court held that filing deadlines are subject to “equitable tolling” in Collection Due Process hearings. We recommend Congress harmonize the conflicting court rulings by providing that all filing deadlines to challenge the IRS in court are subject to equitable tolling where timely filing was impossible or impractical.
• Remove the requirement that written receipts acknowledging charitable contributions must be “contemporaneous” (Recommendation #60). To claim a charitable contribution, a taxpayer must receive a written acknowledgment from the donee organization before filing a tax return. For example, if a taxpayer contributes $5,000 to a church, synagogue, or mosque, files a tax return claiming the deduction on February 1, and receives a written acknowledgment on February 2, the deduction is not allowable – even if the taxpayer has credit card receipts and other documentation that unambiguously substantiate the deduction. This requirement can harm civic-minded taxpayers who do not realize how strict the timing requirements are and undermines congressional policy to encourage charitable giving. We recommend Congress modify the substantiation rules to require a reliable – but not necessarily advance – written acknowledgment from the donee organization.
• Require that math error notices describe the reason(s) for the adjustment with specificity, inform taxpayers they may request abatement within 60 days, and be mailed by certified or registered mail (Recommendation #9). When the IRS proposes to assess additional tax, it ordinarily must issue a notice of deficiency to the taxpayer, which gives the taxpayer an opportunity to seek judicial review in the U.S. Tax Court if the taxpayer disagrees with the IRS’s position. In cases where a taxpayer commits a “mathematical or clerical error,” however, the IRS may bypass deficiency procedures and issue a “math error” notice that summarily assesses additional tax. If a taxpayer does not respond to a math error notice within 60 days, the assessment becomes final, and the taxpayer will have forfeited the right to challenge the IRS’s position in the Tax Court. Math error notices often do not clearly explain the reason for the adjustment and do not prominently explain the consequences of failing to respond within 60 days. We recommend Congress require the IRS to describe the error giving rise to the adjustment with specificity and inform taxpayers they have 60 days (or 120 days if the notice is addressed to a person outside the United States) to request that a summary assessment be abated, or they will forfeit their right to judicial review.
• Provide that assessable penalties are subject to deficiency procedures (Recommendation #14). The IRS ordinarily must issue a notice of deficiency giving taxpayers the right to appeal an adverse IRS determination in the U.S. Tax Court before it may assess tax.24 In limited situations, however, the IRS may assess penalties without first issuing a notice of deficiency. These penalties are generally subject to judicial review only if a taxpayer first pays the penalties and then sues for a refund. Assessable penalties can be substantial, sometimes running into the millions of dollars. Under IRS interpretation, these penalties include but are not limited to international information reporting penalties under IRC §§ 6038, 6038A, 6038B, 6038C, and 6038D. The inability of taxpayers to obtain judicial review on a preassessment basis and the requirement that taxpayers pay the penalties in full to obtain judicial review on a post-assessment basis can effectively deprive taxpayers of the right to judicial review. To ensure taxpayers have an opportunity to obtain judicial review before they are required to pay often substantial penalties they do not believe they owe, we recommend Congress require the IRS to issue a notice of deficiency before imposing assessable penalties.